This was further expanded by Ludwig et al. [81], who used densitometry analysis of Western blots for an array of apoptosis-associated protein markers to show that the cargos of exosomes from patients with active cancer were enriched in proteins such as COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2 also known as Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2), TGFβ-LAP (TGF-β Latency Associated Peptide), PD-1, CTLA-4, and TRAIL (Tumour necrosis Factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cancer.