TNF and cervical cancer: Because Th17 response is opposed to Th1 and promotes the expression of proinflammatory cytokines like IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IL-8 by macrophages, an imbalance between Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg in PV-associated lesions could support tumor development in a subgroup of our samples, as reported in cervical cancer [58].