NRP1 and breast carcinoma: In addition, the VEGF-A/NRP1 axis was associated with breast cancer progression by enhancing the EMT process and NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) and β-catenin signaling [82], with further evidence to support that neuropilin might also protect MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells from apoptosis by autocrine stimulation of the PI3K-pathway in response to VEGF165 [79].