ACE and cardiac hypertrophy: Conventional drugs, including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, β-blockers, statins, and aldosterone antagonists, are used for the inhibition of cardiac fibrosis and associated complications, however, their effects are secondary to the alleviation of cardiac dysfunction rather than directly targeting cardiac hypertrophy or fibrosis (Zannad et al., 2000; Bauersachs et al., 2001; Klapholz, 2009).