PTEN and colorectal carcinoma: CRC metastasis is mediated by a complicated network of signaling pathways, many of which have been reported to involve T-1 and T-2, including the TGF-β/Smad pathway (Ali et al., 2010), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)/AKT pathway (Cai et al., 2014), KRAS-ERK signaling pathway (Eser et al., 2014), and NF-κB signaling pathway (Shi et al., 2020; Figure 2).