Zanetti et al. also demonstrated that macrophages and MDSCs as the primary targets of TERS might have a positive effect on tumor growth and metastasis in vitro, as evidenced by the upregulated expression of the UPR genes BIP, CHOP and XBP-1S, the increased production of inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-23 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and the enhanced expression of the immunosuppressive enzyme arginase 1 and the pro-angiogenic molecule VEGF (Zanetti et al., 2016). Here, DDIT3 is linked to neoplasm.