HMGB1 and cancer: Furthermore, HMGB1 and RAGE interaction activates MAPK signaling pathway through K-Ras, Rac1/JNK/SAPK, and ERK1/2/Drp1 phosphorylation and prompts CRC progression, chemoresistance and regrowth of cancer cells, and colonic myofibroblast proliferation, migration, and invasion (57, 156, 163, 164).