TNF and infection: ◾Lactobacillus plantarum DR7 suppress proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IFN-γ, enhances anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10, IL-4. ◾Lactobacillus acidophilus CMCC878 reduces the bacterial load and inflammation in mice lungs infected with staphylococcus and pseudomonas. ◾Leuconostoc mesenteroides 32-77:1, L. plantarum 2,362, L. paracasei ssp. paracasei 19, Pediococcus pentosaceus 5-33:3 along with resistant starch, inulin etc reduce systemic inflammatory response syndrome and other infections. ◾Bifidobacterium longum BB536 prevents infection from influenza and improves innate immunity.