The qRT-PCR analysis of peritoneal macrophages collected from treated mice revealed that DSS exposure led to a significant increase in the expression of M1 genes (inos, Tnfα); however, treatment with AES significantly upregulated M2 gene expression (Cd206, Arg1) and downregulated M1 gene Tnfα expression in macrophages from DSS-induced mice with colitis as compared to mice without AES treatment (Figure 2A). Here, TNF is linked to colitis.