When PBMCs were treated with heat-killed Mhp cells, the proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, and IL-18) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) were up-regulated; at the same time, the level of antigen-specific IFN-γ and IL-10 were gradually decreased during infection (74). Here, IL10 is linked to infection.