TNF and infection: Our results are also consistent with other helminth infections that have been shown to potently modulate EAE such as S. mansoni (18), T. peusdospiralis (37), F. hepatica (21), Trichinella spiralis (38), and Taenia crassiceps (39) with protection in these infections mostly being attributed to Th2 immune deviation and suppressed levels of pMOG-specific TNF, IFN-γ, and IL-17A.