BECN1 and cholangiocarcinoma: The molecular mechanisms of ART-induced autophagy involved accumulation of ROS, which activated JNK pathway in pancreatic cancer cells (Jia et al., 2014), or stimulating de novo synthesis of ceramide and CaMKK2–AMPK–ULK1 axis, which in turn cause the occurrence of autophagy in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (Cheng et al., 2018), or increasing the expression of death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1), reducing the interaction of beclin1 with bcl-2 and promoting the interaction of beclin1 with PI3KC3 in cholangiocarcinoma (Thongchot et al., 2018).