Two pairs of transcription factor regulators were identified in the brown and black modules (Fig. 10b, c), IRF5 and GATA3 and GRHL2 and GATA6. IRF5 is a key transcription factor regulating the differentiation of M1 macrophages into M2, enabling its anti-inflammatory role; these cells also influence tissue repair and reconstruction as well as cancer occurrence [41–43]. Here, IRF5 is linked to cancer.