The CSF-2/GM-CSF (granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor) receptor complex, among others expressed on myeloid cells [33], and the upregulation of its ligand CSF-2 have been implicated in various neurological diseases like Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and vascular dementia [54, 67] and could possibly promote microglial survival as well. The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is vascular dementia.