Increasing of circulating GDF-15 level was significantly associated with the increased risk of CES and AF incidence (OR = 1.09, p = 0.035; OR = 1.03, p = 0.043, respectively) whereas reduced risk of CAD and MI incidence (OR = 0.94, p = 0.013; OR = 0.94, p = 0.009, respectively). Here, GDF15 is linked to atrial fibrillation.