SERPINE1 and atrial fibrillation: AF patients with high serum GDF-15 levels (range from 1661.0 to 5163.0 pg/mL) had 19.2% longer clot lysis time (CLT) (range from 94.3 to 117.5 min), indicating that elevation of serum GDF-15 levels drives anti-fibrinolytic reactions unrelated to increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) or antiplasmin [29].