GDF15 and heart failure: The PARADIGM-HF trial has shown that GDF-15 plays independently a prognostic value in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in which higher baseline and incremental GDF-15 levels were significantly relevant to mortality and all cardiovascular events, even after adjusting circulating concentrations of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (cTnT) [5].