In this context, VDAC1 has been shown to be over expressed in cancer [3,86], in the affected regions of AD brains [75,76,77], in β-cells in T2D [80,81,84], and in autoimmune diseases such as lupus [87], NASH [88], IBD (unpublished data), and in CVDs [89] (Figure 4). This evidence concerns the gene VDAC1 and autoimmune disease.