PTGS2 and breast carcinoma: Recently, the perioperative release of CAs and prostaglandins was shown to facilitate metastasis and reduce disease-free survival in breast cancer patients, while the inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and β-adrenergic signaling decreased both epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and activity of pro-metastatic/pro-inflammatory transcription factors (GATA-1, GATA-2, early-growth-response-3/EGR3, and signal transducer and activator of transcription-3/STAT-3) [27] through suppressing anti-metastatic immunity [94].