Specific inhibition the signaling of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-1 (TNFR1, p55) [38,91] via inhaled dAbs (GSK1995057, GSK, Brentford, UK) significantly reduced the airway inflammation in animal (mice and cynomolgus monkeys) and human models of ALI (NCT01587807). This evidence concerns the gene TNFRSF1A and acute respiratory distress syndrome.