INS and gestational diabetes: In recent years, the search for risk factors have focused on investigating the potential of biological factors such as maternal serum proteins including adiponectin, insulin, sex hormone binding globulin, C-reactive protein, and glycosylated fibronectin, and genetic (single nucleotide polymorphisms) and epigenetic (DNA methylation and microRNAs) markers to serve as biomarkers for GDM [37].