For example, TGF-β2 can deplete interleukin 6 (IL-6) function and induce apoptosis [1], TGF-β3 affects the differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) [2], while TGF-β1 plays an important role in cancer progression and tumour microenvironment (TME) development [3,4]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is cancer.