Exosomes derived from α-fetoprotein+ DCs have been used in novel cell-free vaccines in HCC treatment and they have successfully suppressed tumour growth and increased survival in a tumour-bearing mice model through increasing IFN-γ+CD8+ T cells, IFN-γ, and IL-2, and decreasing CD25+FOXP3+ Tregs, as well as IL-10, and TGF-β production [135]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.