Alternatively, TGF-β1 has also been shown to activate Golgi membrane protein 1 (GOLM1; also called GP73) through lipid rafts to suppress Smad-dependent tumour-suppressive signals and, at the same time, induce the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) MAPK signalling pathway to promote tumorigenesis and progression in liver cancer [20]. Here, GOLM1 is linked to liver cancer.