A similar mechanism has been demonstrated for gastric cancer: TGF-β1 secreted by MSCs activates SMAD2/3 and thereby induces the expression of lncRNA MACC1-AS1 in tumor cells, which promotes fatty acid oxidation-dependent stemness and chemoresistance through antagonizing miR-145- 5p [242]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to gastric cancer.