Polysaccharides binding to these receptors leads to activation and signal transduction of T lymphocytes, NF-kB and MAPK, subsequently increasing the release of certain chemical mediators (such as cytokines and colony-stimulating factors) and activation and stimulation of immune cells, such as lymphocytes, dendritic cells, cytotoxic macrophages, and natural killer cells [144,145,146], which inhibits proliferation of cancer cell through either direct cytotoxicity, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of cancer cells, or through inhibition of angiogenesis and metastasis of cancer cells [147,148]. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and cancer.