PNPLA3 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Additionally, several genetic factors (i.e., PNPLA3, NCAN, GCKR, LYPLAL1, and APOC) can contribute to NAFLD development, and the G allele of PNPLA3 rs738409 was shown to be a risk allele in lean Japanese, but genetic factors were not investigated, warranting further studies [8,28].