TNF and myelodysplastic syndrome: These findings were consistent with that reported by Marcondes et al., (2008) and Warlick and Miller et al., (2011) who observed in their in vitro study that exposure of human marrow stroma cell lines HS5 and HS27a to TNFα increases the expression levels of IL-32 mRNA which in turn induces the production of TNF-α from the marrow stroma of patients with MDS.