EGF and neoplasm: Mechanisms for mutation of EGFR in malignity include structural rearrangements of the receptor, EGFR gene amplification, activating mutations in the EGFR kinase domain and overexpression of (EGF)–family ligands by tumor cells and/or surrounding stroma (Arif et al., 2015, Alamdari-Palangi et al., 2020).