INS and diabetes mellitus: Type 2 diabetes is a symptom of, and prognostic factor for, pancreatic cancer and may also be involved in its etiology.32 In mice, prenatal DES exposure is associated with elevated circulating levels of insulin.33 Also, in mice, prenatal exposure to BPA, a similar but less potent estrogen than DES, is associated with alterations in glucose homeostasis and endocrine pancreatic function in prenatally exposed offspring.17 We previously reported that prenatal DES exposure was associated with a modestly increased risk of diabetes in women (HR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0–2.1) but not in men.