Increased expression of IL-17A, C, and D in the bronchial mucosa model following 0.1 ppm acrolein exposure (Figures 4(a)–4(e)) indicates the plausible airway inflammation that may be caused by low-dose acrolein exposures relevant for the onset of chronic lung diseases such as asthma and COPD. Here, IL17A is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.