Considering that patients with unstable chromosomes usually have poor clinical outcomes [26], how aggravated CIN produces an excellent prognosis in POLE-mutant patients and how alleviated CIN leads to poor outcomes in CTNNB1-mutant patients is another important issue worthy of further research (Fig. 2d–f; Tables 2 and 3). Here, CTNNB1 is linked to cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia.