WWP2 is involved in vascular endothelial injury 123-124, SMURF1 in atherosclerosis 135-137 and pulmonary hypertension 127-132, and SMURF2 in myxomatous mitral disease 158-160 and vascular endothelial injury 168-170. Here, SMURF2 is linked to pulmonary arterial hypertension.