Collectively, the present study demonstrates that the α7nAChR are predominantly expressed in interstitial and alveolar macrophages and monocytes in mouse lungs, and obesity alters the proportion of α7nAChR+ cells in alveolar and interstitial macrophages and the expression levels of α7nAChR upon the LPS challenge, which may have an impact on the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, providing a potential therapeutic target for clinical neurogenic immuno-anti-inflammatory treatment. The gene discussed is CHRNA7; the disease is obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.