To this point, compelling evidence indicates critical roles for tumor-residing Batf3-dependent conventional type-1 dendritic cells (cDC1s) (migratory CD103+ and lymphoid CD8a+ DCs in mice, and CD141+ DCs in humans) in priming and expansion of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells3–8 and their recruitment to the TME9. This evidence concerns the gene BATF3 and neoplasm.