Furthermore, plasma cells play a key role in immune regulation for the secretion of various cytokines, such as interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-35, IL-37, granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and inducible nitric oxide synthases (iNOS), in various autoimmune and/or infectious diseases [34, 35]. Here, CSF2 is linked to infectious disease.