Further, the mRNA levels of C-C motif chemokine ligand 3 (Ccl3, encoding MIP1α), Tumor necrosis factor α (Tnfα), Matrix metalloproteinase 12 (Mmp12), and Serpin Family E Member 1 (Serpine 1, encoding PAI-1) showed a profound increase in HF + PA-fed mice compared to CD controls. Here, SERPINE1 is linked to hydrops fetalis.