To elucidate whether the effect of linagliptin on hepatic steatosis was mediated through the direct action of linagliptin, GLP-1 receptor signaling in hepatocytes, or an indirect pathway through components such as humoral factors, we treated AML-12 cells with the DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin or the GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide in the presence of OSI-906 (Figure 8). The gene discussed is DPP4; the disease is acute myeloid leukemia.