Recent results with extracellular bacterial infections demonstrate that phagocytosed microbial RNA can be sensed by a combination of transmembrane PRRs such as TLR3 and cytosolic PRRs such as NLRP3 that cooperate to induce IL-1 and type I IFN for the regulation of Tfh responses [8–10]. The gene discussed is NLRP3; the disease is bacterial infectious disease.