There are several serum additional biomarkers associated with the diagnosis of HCC in particular including AFP-L3, des-γ-carboxyprothrombin (DCP), golgi protein 73 (GP73), and osteopontin (OPN), but these have not been studied robustly in appropriate series in cHCC-ICC (39, 41, 42). Here, SPP1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.