CD8A and HIV infectious disease: Elevation of expression of Tim-3 and PD-1 was detected on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells early in HIV infection, and simultaneous blockade of Tim-3 and PD-1 pathways resulted in enhanced IL-2 and IFNγ production on stimulation of T cells with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies or HIV GAG peptides, indicating that induction of T cell senescence may play an important role in HIV-driven immune evasion (142).