A recent trial of IPT in pregnant women receiving ART, the TB APPRISE study, showed that IPT resulted in worse pregnancy outcomes.100 However, this was not confirmed in a larger observational study from the Western Cape, which showed that IPT use was associated with better pregnancy outcomes, and that incident TB was reduced in women on IPT who had CD4+ counts < 350 cells/mL.101 The duration of IPT is now 12 months irrespective of TST status, as outlined in Table 28. This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and tuberculosis.