INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Several studies showed that human and mouse beta EV contain major auto-antigens of type 1 diabetes such as glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65), glucose-transporter 2 (GLUT-2), islet-associated antigen 2 (IA-2), zinc transporter 8 (Znt8), and insulin (12–15).