Compared to controls, AD microvessels produced significantly higher amounts of a number of inflammatory molecules such as TNF-α, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), nitric oxide, thrombin, cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs; Grammas and Ovase, 2001). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is Alzheimer disease.