Several strategies, including combinations of immunotherapy with gemcitabine, radiation, pancreatic cancer vaccine (GVAX) and CSF1R antibody, are being evaluated in clinical trials.26,27 The biomarker analysis of this clinical cohort is consistent with the pre-clinical hypothesis that the CCL5-CCR5 axis plays an adverse role in pancreatic cancer pathogenesis. This evidence concerns the gene CCL5 and pancreatic neoplasm.