Novel biomarkers for kidney function (serum cystatin C, proBNP, osteopontin) or kidney damage (NGAL, interleukins 6 and 18) have shown promise for prognostication of AKI and have been assessed in studies evaluating RRT discontinuation as well as kidney function recovery and kidney damage repair (Tables 1 and 4). Here, LCN2 is linked to acute kidney injury.