TGFB1 and cervical cancer: To further investigate whether GDF15 affected cervical cancer metastasis through mediating the TGF‐β/Smad2/3 signaling pathway, we treated HT‐3 and HeLa cells with Smad2/3 activator TGF‐β1 (10 ng·mL−1) after shGDF15 transfection.