GSEA and hierarchical clustering analysis of TB and NC transcriptional profiles revealed numerous ossification-related genes over-expressed in TB lungs, such as RUNX2, a vital transcriptional regulator of osteoblast differentiation and bone formation, and osteogenic marker genes IBSP, SPP1, POSTN, BGLAP, and SPARC (Supplementary Fig. 9a, b). This evidence concerns the gene IBSP and tuberculosis.