TARDBP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: In this study, we demonstrated that: (i) at least two distinct intracellular pathways were involved in TDP-43 cytoplasmic aggregation, including aggresome formation and LLPS; (ii) the two pathways were independent of each other; and (iii) in spinal motor neurons of sporadic ALS, both HDAC6-positive and HDAC6-negative aggregates were found in the same ALS patient.