Furthermore, in a transgenic Alzheimer ́s disease mice model, the treatment with exosomes from hypoxic-preconditioned MSC decreased the activation of astrocytes and microglia, promoted the transformation of microglia to dendritic cells and down-regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) in mice hippocampus [97], suggesting that the preconditioning of MSC with other hypoxia mimetic molecules, such as DFX could also prevent glial reactivity, an issue that remains to be further investigated. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.