NFE2L2 and ischemia: In this study, cytoplasmic protein levels of NRF2 were upregulated by PA, compared to controls, although the NRF2 protein was not increased in the nucleus, suggesting that the endogenous upregulation of NRF2 was not sufficient to protect brain neurons and glial cells against PA injury, according to what has been found in a global ischemia model [83].