MAPK1 and prostate cancer: The ERK-1 (p42-MAPK)and ERK-2 (p44-MAPK) kinases can be induced by growth factors throughRas-Raf-dependent pathways and are upregulated in prostate cancercells.237 Suppressing the expression ofthese MAPL kinases for elimination of prostate cancer cells.238,239 To optimize therapy against prostate cancer, a combination of etoposideand siRNA-MAPK has been experimental codelivered by polymeric nanoparticlesinto cancer cells.