MAPK8 and nasopharyngeal carcinoma: PDZ binding kinase (PBK) is a kind of MAPK kinase (MAPKK) that is able to participate in many cellular functions through phosphorylating P38, JNK, and ERK.142–144 Wang et al.145 applied the PBK inhibitor HI-TOPK-032 to NPC cells and found that inhibiting PBK induced the oxidative stress by activating JNK/P38 signals, resulting in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell apoptosis.