In addition, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signalling by tumours causes 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) upregulation in ECs, which activates PFK-1 to further augment the glycolytic phenotype [84]. Here, VEGFA is linked to neoplasm.