Probably, the perception of DAMP (damage-associated molecular pattern, e.g., products of the A. brassicicola cell wall degrading enzymes or plant secreted peptides) or PAMP (pathogen-associated molecular pattern, e.g., chitin) through a PRR (pattern recognition receptor) triggered the PTI-associated signaling cascade (albeit transcription of MEK1 was negatively regulated) and activated WRKY33 in infected B. oleracea cells, similarly to the situation observed in Arabidopsis during fungal infection [71]. Here, MAP2K1 is linked to fungal infectious disease.